Lactate Racemization and Beyond

Enantioselective regulation of lactate racemization by LarR in Lactobacillus plantarum.

Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium that produces a racemic mixture of l- and d-lactate from sugar fermentation. The interconversion of lactate isomers is performed by a lactate racemase (Lar) that is transcriptionally controlled by the l-/d-lactate ratio and maximally induced in the presence of l-lactate. We previously reported that the Lar activity depends on the expression of ...

Lactate racemization as a rescue pathway for supplying D-lactate to the cell wall biosynthesis machinery in Lactobacillus plantarum.

Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium that produces d- and l-lactate using stereospecific NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenases (LdhD and LdhL, respectively). However, reduction of glycolytic pyruvate by LdhD is not the only pathway for d-lactate production since a mutant defective in this activity still produces both lactate isomers (T. Ferain, J. N. Hobbs, Jr., J. Richardson, N. B...

Racemization and epimerization.

In recent reports (I ) the term racemization is used inappropriately. It is stated in both reports that Lisoleucine racemizes to D-alloisoleucine. This reaction is epimerization, not racemization. Racemization of L-iSOleucine results in the formation of DLisoleucine. As stated in Eliel (2): "'racemization is the process of producing a racemic modification starting with one of the pure enantiome...

Lactate Shuttles in Neuroenergetics—Homeostasis, Allostasis and Beyond

Understanding brain energy metabolism-neuroenergetics-is becoming increasingly important as it can be identified repeatedly as the source of neurological perturbations. Within the scientific community we are seeing a shift in paradigms from the traditional neurocentric view to that of a more dynamic, integrated one where astrocytes are no longer considered as being just supportive, and activate...

Amino Acid Racemization